Computer Assisted Language Learning (CALL)

On our last class, we have learned about CALL.
And I don't mean calling somebody on the phone or calling your friend from across the room.
CALL is an acronym for Computer Assisted Language Learning.
The topic is about how it is sound. Computer is used as an assistant in learning language. There are various types of CALL:

• CALL-specific software (online, CD)
• Web-based learning materials (website, blogs)
• Generic software (presentation software, spreadsheet)
• Computer-mediated communication (synchronous & asynchronus chat)

CALL is not something new, it has been used back in the 60s and has been improvised according to the latest technology.

Progression of CALL is as below:

Behaviourist        ➩         Communicative        ➩          Integrative 

	Behaviouristic	Communicative	Integrative
Characteristics	Based on behaviourist  learning theory Audio-lingual method The computer is the ultimate teachers aid Aimed to transfer textbooks and worksheets to computer based application	·       1970s - 1980s ·        Focused on language > perfect grammar ·       Teaches grammar implicitly rather than explicitly ·       Allows students to generate their own original utterance ·       Creates an environment where the usage of language becomes natural ·       Computer as tutor: -       Language games, text reconstructions, paced reading, pronunciation practice -       Students have more control, choice and interaction in answering -       Computer gives guidance but does not judge students -       E.g – Pronunciation Coach, Rosetta Stone ·       Computer as Stimulus -       stimulate student discussions, writing and critical thinking -       designed to train problem solving skills -       Games designed around the concept of ESL or critical thinking ·       Computer as a Tool -       the use of generic software as tools for language learning -       empowers students to use and understand the language -       E.g – Word Processor, Excel Spreadsheets and Publisher	The integration of real-world materials into CALL Began with the use of CD-ROMs to store large amounts of authentic media that can be used as materials Became popular with the development of high speed internet and widely accessible hypermedia Hypermedia: -       Non-linear medium of information that can include texts, audio and graphical media -       Includes both interactive and non-interactive media ·       The Internet and CALL -       Used for a variety of purpose -       Role of the English Language -       Learners are not only recipients but also communicators and creators
Advantages	·       Repetitive ·       Immediate feedback ·       Students can work at their own pace outside the classroom ·        Efficient record keeping	·       cheap and widely available ·        Emphasises on active student performance ·       Greater student involvement ·       Learning experience becomes much more authentic & entertaining
Criticisms	·       Theory based on on Operant Conditioning by B.F. Skinner (associated to the training of animals) ·       CALL activities should be built on intrinsic motivation and foster interactivity ·       Students are passive responders, not initiators		•             Quality of the authentic material varies between creators •             Not tailor-made for ESL •             Interactions over CMC may be authentic but prone to human mistakes